Amphibians of Serra das Torres Natural Monument: a reservoir of biodiversity in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil / Anfíbios do Monumento Natural Serra das Torres: um reservatório da biodiversidade da Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil

Abstract The Brazilian Atlantic Forest holds a major part of the country's amphibian species richness and high rates of endemism. In this study, we conducted surveys using the Rapid Assessment (RA) method to sample the amphibian fauna of the Serra das Torres Natural Monument (MONAST), an Atlantic Forest remnant in southeastern Brazil. We sampled actively with a 6-10-person team to collect standard samples from 09:00 to 12:00 hours for the daytime period, and from 18:00 to 22:00 hours for the crepuscular/nighttime period, with a total of approximately 1,320 hours of sampling effort. We supplemented these data with 720 hours of passive sampling, using pitfall traps with drift fences (30 bucket-days). We recorded 54 amphibian species (two gymnophionans and 52 anurans), and the species richness estimated by the Bootstrap method indicates that a slightly larger number of species (n = 60) may occur in the study area. The most speciose family was Hylidae (n = 21), followed by Brachycephalidae (n = 8). Overall, 25% of the species (n = 13) were recorded only once (singletons) and 15% (n = 8) only twice (doubletons). Most amphibians recorded in this study (71%, n = 37 species) were restricted to the Atlantic Forest biome, two species (Euparkerella robusta and Luetkenotyphlus fredi) are endemic to the Espírito Santo state, and one of them, the leaf litter species E. robusta, is endemic to the MONAST. Euparkerella robusta is currently listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN and is classified as Critically Endangered in the Espírito Santo State red list, while L. fredi has yet to be evaluated due to its recent description. Thoropa lutzi is currently listed as Endangered (EN) by both the IUCN and in the State list. Nine species are listed as Data Deficient (DD) and populations of 13 species are considered to be declining by the IUCN. We extend the geographical distribution of two anuran species (Hylodes babax and Phasmahyla lisbella) and fill an important gap in the distribution of Siphonops hardyi. Amphibians associated with the forest floor represented 42% of the species richness from MONAST, and 43% of these species inhabit the leaf litter exclusively. Our study revealed that Serra das Torres preserves a considerable diversity of Atlantic Forest amphibians, which reinforces the need for the conservation of this forest remnant.

Resumo A Mata Atlântica brasileira guarda importante porção da riqueza de anfíbios e altas taxas de endemismos. Neste estudo, nós realizamos pesquisas usando o Método de Avaliação Rápida (RA) com o objetivo de inventariar a fauna de anfíbios de um remanescente da Mata Atlântica no sudeste do Brasil, o Monumento Natural Serra das Torres (MONAST). Amostramos ativamente com uma equipe de 6 a 10 pessoas para coletar amostras padronizadas entre 09:00 e 12:00 horas durante o peíodo diurno e entre 18:00 e 22:00 duranto período crepuscular/noturno, totalizando aproximadamente 1320 horas de esforço amostral. Complementamos estes dados com 720 horas de amostragem passiva usando armadilhas de queda com cercas-guia (30 dias de balde). Registramos 54 espécies de anfíbios (dois gimnofionos e 52 anuros) e a riqueza de espécies estimada pelo Bootstrap indicou um número relativamente maior de espécies (n = 60). A família mais especiosa foi Hylidae (n = 21), seguida por Brachycephalidae (n = 8). No geral, 25% das espécies (n = 13) foram registradas apenas uma vez - singletons e 15% (n = 8) apenas duas vezes (doubletons). A maioria dos anfíbios registrados neste estudo (71%, n = 37 espécies) esteve restrita ao bioma Mata Atlântica, duas espécies (Euparkerella robusta e Luetkenotyphlus fredi) são endêmicas do estado do Espírito Santo, sendo uma delas, a espécie de serapilheira E. robusta, endêmica do MONAST. Euparkerella robusta está atualmente listada como Vulnerável pela IUCN e classificada como Criticamente Ameaçada na lista vermelha do estado do Espírito Santo, enquanto L. fredi ainda não foi avaliada devido a sua descrição ser muito recente. Thoropa lutzi está atualmente listada como Ameaçada (EN) pela IUCN e na lista estadual. Nove espécies estão listadas como Deficiente de Dados (DD) e as populações de 13 espécies são consideradas em declínio pela IUCN. Estendemos a distribuição geográfica de duas espécies de anuros (Hylodes babax e Phasmahyla lisbella) e preenchemos uma importante lacuna na distribuição de Siphonops hardyi. Os anfíbios associados ao chão da floresta representaram 42% das espécies do MONAST e 43% destas espécies habitavam exclusivamente a serapilheira. Nosso estudo revelou que a Serra das Torres preserva diversidade considerável de anfíbios da Mata Atlântica, o que reforça a necessidade de conservação desse remanescente florestal.

Organization of fish assemblages in blackwater Atlantic Forest streams

This study aimed to determine whether fish species occupy different mesohabitats, as defined by specific criteria of substrate types in Atlantic Forest blackwater streams. We sampled fourteen coastal blackwater rivers along the coast of São Paulo State, Brazil, during the low-flow season (June-September/2016). For each stream, we selected three mesohabitat types (sand, leaf-litter and trunks) in a 100 m river stretch. We sampled 41 mesohabitats, 31 of which contained fish, resulting in 15 species. When multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to the mesohabitat abiotic variables, no significant differences were indicated between them. ANOSIM for species density and biomass and Redundancy Analyses (RDAs) for species density, biomass and fish community indexes showed similar patterns of community structure among mesohabitats. Nevertheless, fish biomass, diversity and richness were associated with such unique environmental features as low shading and shallow habitats. The observed dispersion among mesohabitats suggests that these communities are subject to some level of disturbance, which may affect the value of patches as refugia. Thus, the sharing of these mesohabitat patches among species may represent an opportunistic strategy to maximize the use of available resources for these low density populations living in these unique environments.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi testar se espécies de peixes ocupam diferentes mesohabitats definidos por critérios específicos de tipos de substrato em riachos de águas pretas de Mata Atlântica. Durante a estação de baixa vazão (junho-setembro/2016), foram amostrados quatorze riachos costeiros de águas pretas no litoral de São Paulo, Brasil. Para cada riacho, selecionamos três tipos de mesohabitats (areia, folhiço e troncos) em um trecho de rio de 100 m. Amostramos 41 mesohabitats, dos quais 31 com peixes, resultando em 15 espécies. A análise de variância multivariada (MANOVA) aplicada às variáveis abióticas dos mesohabitats, não indicou diferenças significativas entre estes. A ANOSIM para densidade de espécies e biomassa e as Análises de Redundância (RDAs) para densidade de espécies, biomassa e índices da comunidade indicaram padrões semelhantes da estrutura da comunidade entre mesohabitats. No entanto, a biomassa, a diversidade e a riqueza de peixes estiveram associadas a características ambientais específicas tais como habitats rasos e sombreados. Os resultados sugerem que estas comunidades estejam sujeitas a certo nível de perturbação, o que afeta o valor dos mesohabitats como refúgios. Assim, a utilização dos diferentes mesohabitats entre as espécies pode representar uma estratégia oportunista para maximizar o uso de recursos por essas populações de baixa densidade que vivem nestes ambientes peculiares.(AU)

Winged ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) presence in twigs on the leaf litter of Atlantic Forest / Colônias de formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) com alados em galhos na serapilheira de Floresta Atlântica

Abstract: In the leaf litter, ants have various nesting resources available, such as live or dead trunks, twigs, leaves, fruits and seeds. On the twigs, there are adults and immature individuals, but also the queen and winged. The production of wings requires time and energy from the colony. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence of winged in ant colonies in twigs on the leaf litter. Our prediction is that the richness and abundance of winged in twigs are the greatest in rainy months. We collected all twigs with ants in 552 plots with 16 m2, totaling 8,832 m2 of leaf litter, in areas located in the Brazilian Atlantic Domain. We compared the species richness and the number of colonies with and without winged, as well as the number of winged over a year. In total, we collected 1,521 twigs with colonies belonging to 92 species of ants. The rate of twigs with winged was low, about 12%. In colonies with winged, the total number of twigs, species and amount of winged does not differ between the months considered dry and rainy. The majority of winged species are leaf litter dwellers, such as Linepithema neotropicum, recorded with the highest amount of winged irrespective of the period. Arboreal species colonized 15% of the twigs and, in 1/3 of these species, winged were recorded as part of the composition of the colony. Although winged represent a small percentage of the colony in twigs, our results indicate that this feature is important for the life cycle of 44% of the species that occupy twigs, considering that winged are fundamental for the dispersion of the colony.

Resumo: Na serapilheira as formigas têm disponíveis diversos recursos de nidificação, como troncos e galhos vivos ou mortos, folhas, frutos e sementes. Nos galhos são encontrados indivíduos adultos e imaturos, mas também rainha e alados. A produção de alados exige tempo e energia por parte da colônia. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a presença de alados em colônias de formigas em galhos na serapilheira. Nossa hipótese é que a riqueza e abundância de alados em galhos são maiores nos meses chuvosos. Nós coletamos todos os galhos com formigas em 552 parcelas de 16 m2, totalizando 8.832 m2 de serapilheira em áreas localizadas no Domínio Atlântico brasileiro. Comparamos a riqueza de espécies e o número de galhos com e sem alados, bem como o número de alados ao longo de um ano. No total coletamos 1.521 galhos com colônias, pertencentes a 92 espécies de formigas; a taxa de galhos com alados foi baixa, cerca de 12%. Nas colônias com alados, o número total de galhos, espécies e quantidade de alados não diferem entre os meses secos ou chuvosos. A maioria das espécies com alados é habitante da serapilheira, como Linepithema neotropicum, registrada com a maior quantidade de alados, independente do período. Espécies arborícolas colonizaram 15% dos galhos e, em 1/3 dessas espécies, alados foram registrados fazendo parte da composição da colônia. Apesar de os alados representarem uma pequena porcentagem da colônia em galhos, nossos resultados indicam que este recurso é importante para o ciclo de vida de 50% das espécies que os ocupam, considerando que alados são fundamentais para a dispersão da colônia.

Distribution and abundance of freshwater decapods in an Atlantic rainforest catchment with a dammed future / Distribuição e abundância de decápodes de água doce e sua associação com variáveis ambientais em uma bacia hidrográfica de Mata Atlântica que será represada

Abstract Variations in physical characteristics along the course of a river influence habitat availability which reflects in species distribution. Knowledge of ecology and diversity of lotic species is important for evaluating how river ecosystems will respond to environmental impacts. Freshwater decapods are a group of high ecological and economic importance, but the knowledge about factors influencing their distribution is scarce in Brazil. We performed a survey of decapods to describe their abundance and distribution as well as to study their relationships with stream physical variables and especially their association with different substrates types. We studied 23 sites located in 15 tributaries of Guapiaçú River, RJ, where we collected decapods in different substrates types and measured a set of physical variables. We found five decapods species, including amphidromous and non-amphidromous shrimps and crabs. Decapods were strongly associated with leaf-litter substrates and their abundance was related to a multivariate axis describing longitudinal changes in stream characteristics. We concluded that decapods occurring in the Guapiaçú catchment inhabit mainly small streams with preserved riparian forests where they find shelter and potential prey of invertebrates. The ongoing project to build a dam on the Guapiaçú River will have negative consequences to migrating shrimps and we strongly recommend that mitigating actions, such the construction of structures to allow the passage of migrating fauna, should be taken.

Resumo Variações nas características físicas de um rio ao longo do seu curso influenciam a disponibilidade de habitas e dessa forma a distribuição de espécies. O conhecimento sobre a ecologia e diversidade de espécies lóticas é importante para avaliar como esses ecossistemas responderão a impactos ambientais. Decápodes de água doce são um grupo de grande importância ecológica e econômica, contudo o conhecimento sobre fatores influenciando sua distribuição ainda é escasso no Brasil. Nós realizamos um levantamento de decápodes para descrever sua abundância e distribuição, bem como estudar sua relação com características físicas dos rios, especialmente sua associação com tipos diferentes de substrato. Nós estudamos 23 localidades distribuídas em 15 rios tributários do Rio Guapiaçú, RJ, onde coletamos decápodas em diferentes tipos de substratos e medimos um conjunto de variáveis físicas. Nós encontramos cinco espécies de decápodas incluindo camarões anfídromos e não anfídromos e caranguejos. Esses organismos foram fortemente associados a substratos de folhiço alóctone e sua abundância foi relacionada com um eixo PCA que descreve as mudanças nas características físicas longo do curso do rio. Nós concluímos que os decápodas que ocorrem na bacia do Rio Guapiaçú habitam principalmente pequenos córregos com mata ciliar preservada, onde podem encontrar abrigo e um potencial campo de caça onde predam invertebrados. O projeto atualmente em curso para a construção de uma represa no Rio Guapiaçú irá afetar negativamente a fauna de camarões anfídromos, assim nós recomendamos fortemente que ações mitigadoras, como a construção de estruturas para permitir a passagem da fauna migrante sejam tomadas.

The peculiar breeding biology of the Amazonian frog Allobates subfolionidificans (Aromobatidae)

ABSTRACT Allobates subfolionidificans is a vulnerable and endemic leaf-litter frog from the state of Acre, Brazilian Amazonia. We monitored a population of A. subfolionidificans through regular censuses and mark-recapture of 181 individuals during an entire breeding season to characterize its reproductive behavior. The space use of A. subfolionidificans individuals differed between sexes, with males using smaller and more segregated spaces. Males defended territories and were aggressive against same-sex individuals, which was not the case in females. The daily cycle of calling activity showed peaks in the morning and in the afternoon, and the occurrence of reproductive events was positively correlated with monthly rainfall. The breeding behavior comprised vocal and tactile interactions, although the species lacked reproductive amplexus. Egg and larvae attendance, as well as tadpole transport to water environments was performed mostly by males but occasionally by females, probably in cases of desertion by the father. This species is characterized by performing courtship, mating, oviposition, as well as egg and larvae attendance exclusively on the under surface of leaves, a unique behavior among members of the superfamily Dendrobatoidea.

Estadios ninfales de Amnestus rugosus (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) / Immature stages of Amnestus rugosus (Hemiptera: Cydnidae)

ResumenEn México se han registrado 29 especies del género Amnestus, de las cuales, seis se encuentran en el estado de Veracruz. Se describen e ilustran las características morfológicas de los estadios inmaduros de A. rugosus, incluyendo notas sobre su biología y comportamiento. Las ninfas y adultos fueron recolectados en los remanentes de la vegetación riparia del bosque mesófilo en la cuenca del río La Antigua, Veracruz. El muestreo se realizó en la zona montañosa del centro del estado y en la parte media de la cuenca. Se seleccionaron 12 sitios ubicados en cinco municipios, y se realizaron muestreos en época de lluvias (julio) y en secas (abril); las muestras fueron procesadas en embudos de Berlese-Tullgren y Winkler. Se recolectaron y revisaron 419 ejemplares, 320 adultos y 99 ninfas de A. rugosus. El tamaño y coloración del cuerpo y los patrones de puntuación son las principales diferencias entre los estados inmaduros de A. rugosus, A. ficus y A. morelensis.A. rugosus representa un nuevo registro para Veracruz.

Abstract:In Mexico there are 29 species of Amnestus, of which six species are from Veracruz. The morphological features and illustrations of immature stages of A. rugosus are presented. Notes about the biology and behavior were included. The nymphal and adult stages of A. rugosus were found in remnants of riparian vegetation of the mesophilous forest in La Antigua river basin, Veracruz, Mexico. Twelve sites in five localities were selected and the specimens were sampled in rainy (July) and dry (April) seasons of 2012. The samples were processed in Berlese-Tullgren funnel and Winkler. A total of 419 individuals, 320 adults and 99 nymphs of A. rugosus were revised. The size and coloration of the body and punctuation patterns the immature stages of A. rugosus, A. ficus, and A. morelensis are the main differences among these species. A. rugosus is a first record from Veracruz. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 31-39. Epub 2017 March 01.

La descomposición de la hojarasca como herramienta para evaluar la integridad funcional de ríos altoandinos del sur del Ecuador / Leaf-litter breakdown as a tool to assess the functional integrity of high Andean streams of Southern Ecuador

ResumenLas condiciones ecológicas de los ríos altoandinos tropicales estan amenazadas por numerosas actividades humanas que incluyen aquellas derivadas del cambio de la cobertura y uso del suelo de la cuenca. Para su evaluación se han propuesto protocolos que diagnostican el estado de la estructura pero no del funcionamiento de estos ecosistemas fluviales. En este trabajo se propone una herramienta de evaluación adaptada a las condiciones locales, incluyendo la metodología y los valores umbrales, utilizando el proceso de descomposición de la hojarasca como una medida del funcionamiento y salud de los ríos altoandinos del sur del Ecuador. Se seleccionaron 15 tributarios distribuidos en tres microcuencas (Mazán, Llaviuco y Matadero) dentro o en las adyacencias del Parque Nacional Cajas. En cada tributario se incubaron bolsas de descomposición elaboradas con dos tipos de malla (gruesa y fina) para separar la contribución de macroinvertebrados y microorganismos en el proceso. Como substrato vegetal se emplearon hojas de Alnus acuminata y Miconia bracteolata. Las bolsas fueron colocadas en los ríos y mantenidas durante 15, 28 y 64 días. Las tasas de descomposición (-K) fueron obtenidas a partir del período de tiempo en el cual se produjo la pérdida de aproximadamente el 50 % de la masa seca libre de ceniza. En cada período de recolección se determinaron parámetros físicos y químicos. Adicionalmente, se aplicaron los índices de calidad de ribera (QBR-And) y de habitat fluvial (IHF). Para la elaboración de los umbrales de condición funcional se utilizaron las métricas Ktotal y el cociente entre la tasa de descomposición en malla gruesa y malla fina (Kg/Kf). Para probar la sensibilidad de las métricas se emplearon métodos gráficos, Anova de una vía y se calculó la eficiencia discriminativa (ED) de las mismas. Los resultados del análisis de usos y coberturas del suelo revelaron un gradiente de intervención Matadero ≥ Llaviuco > Mazán. La composición de las variables ambientales de las corrientes de la microcuenca Mazán resultaron diferentes con respecto a las de Llaviuco y Matadero, cuyos valores parecen ser más semejantes entre sí. La evaluación de la calidad de ribera mediante el índice QBR-And muestra un gradiente importante desde valores muy bajos en las corrientes de Matadero (27.5), valores medios a altos en Llaviuco (66.5) y valores más altos en los tributarios de Mazán (87). Las tasas de descomposición de la hojarasca de los tributarios de la microcuenca del Río Mazán resultaron significativamente más rápidas que en los tributarios de los Ríos Matadero y Llaviuco para las hojas de A. acuminata pero no para las hojas de Miconia. La métrica Kg/Kf se consideró sensible y suficiente para discriminar los impactos en las áreas estudiadas. Los valores del cociente Kg/Kf resultaron significativamente mayores en Mazán en comparación a Llaviuco y Matadero, que no resultaron diferentes entre sí. Nuestros resultados apoyan la utilización del proceso de descomposición de la hojarasca como una herramienta adecuada para evaluar la condición ecológica funcional, complementando las evaluaciones estructurales, de los ríos altoandinos.

Abstract:The ecological condition of tropical Andean rivers are threatened by many human activities including changes in land use and cover in watersheds. Current protocols diagnose the structural condition of streams but not their function. In this study we proposed an assessment tool using the leaf-litter breakdown as a measure of the functional condition and health of high Andean streams in Southern Ecuador, including methodology and threshold values adapted to local conditions. We selected 15 streams in three micro-basins (Mazán, Llaviuco and Matadero) within or in the vicinity of Cajas National Park where we deployed litterbags for 15, 28 and 64 days. We used two types of mesh (coarse and fine) for the litterbags in order to separate the contribution of macro-invertebrates and microorganisms in the decomposition process and also tested two different leaf substrates: Alder (Alnus acuminata) and Miconia (Miconia bracteolata). In each collection period we determined physical and chemical parameters, applied the riparian quality index (QBR-And) and river habitat index (IHF). Decomposition rates (-k) were determined from the time period at which approximately 50 % ash-free mass would have been lost. We used Ktotal and the ratio of the rate of decomposition between coarse and fine mesh (Kg/Kf) to define the functional condition thresholds. To test the metrics sensitivity we used graphical methods, one-way ANOVA and discriminative efficiency (ED). The analysis of watershed land-use and cover showed a gradient of intervention: Matadero ≥ Llaviuco > Mazán. The composition of the environmental variables of Mazán streams were different with respect to Llaviuco and Matadero, whose values were similar to each other. The QBR-And index showed a significant gradient from very low levels in Matadero (27.5), moderately high values in Llaviuco (66.5) to high values in Mazán (87). Alder leaf-litter breakdown rates were significantly faster in Mazán than in Matadero and Llaviuco streams, while breakdown rates of Miconia were not significantly different among watersheds. The Kg/Kf ratio was significantly higher in Mazán compared to Llaviuco and Matadero, which did not differ. We consider the Kg/Kf metric sensitive enough to discriminate impacts in the studied areas. Our results support the use of the leaf-litter breakdown as an appropriate tool to assess functional ecological condition, complementing the structural assessments of these Andean rivers. Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (1): 321-334. Epub 2017 March 01.

Plant structure predicts leaf litter capture in the tropical montane bromeliad Tillandsia turneri / A estrutura da planta determina a folhagem interceptada pela bromelia Tillandsiaturneri

Abstract Leaves intercepted by bromeliads become an important energy and matter resource for invertebrate communities, bacteria, fungi, and the plant itself. The relationship between bromeliad structure, defined as its size and complexity, and accumulated leaf litter was studied in 55 bromeliads of Tillandsia turneri through multiple regression and the Akaike information criterion. Leaf litter accumulation in bromeliads was best explained by size and complexity variables such as plant cover, sheath length, and leaf number. In conclusion, plant structure determines the amount of litter that enters bromeliads, and changes in its structure could affect important processes within ecosystem functioning or species richness.

Resumo As folhagens interceptadas pelas bromélias é um importante recurso para a comunidade de invertebrados, bactérias, fungos e para a própria planta. Estudou-se a relação entre a estrutura de 55 bromélias de Tillandsia tumeri, definida como o tamanho, a complexidade da planta, a folhagem acumulada por meio de regressão múltipla e o critério de informação de Akaike. Encontrou-se que as variáveis de tamanho, cobertura, comprimento da bainha e a variável de complexidade do número de folhas explicam a acumulação de folhas nas bromélias. Em conclusão, a estrutura do planta determina a quantidade de folhas armazenada na bromélia e os câmbios da estrutura da bromélia poderiam afetar importantes processos de funcionamento do ecossistema ou a riqueza de espécies.

Five new species of Ectobiidae (Blattodea) collected in the Reserva Ducke, Amazonas, Brazil / Cinco espécies novas de Ectobiidae (Blattodea) coletados na Reserva Ducke, Amazonas, Brasil

Herein we describe five new species of the Ectobiidae subfamilies Pseudophyllodromiinae (Amazonina spiculata sp. nov., Amazonina spinostylata sp. nov., Cariblatta duckeniana sp. nov., Cariblatta manauensis sp. nov.) and Nyctiborinae (Nyctibora nigra sp. nov.), collected in the Reserva Ducke, Manaus, state of Amazonas. The specimens were collected from litter, fallen logs, branches, and foliage. We illustrate the male genitalia of the new species.

Neste trabalho são descritas cinco novas espécies das subfamílias Pseudophyllodromiinae (Amazonina spiculata sp. nov., Amazonina spinostylata sp. nov., Cariblatta duckeniana sp. nov., Cariblatta manauensis sp. nov.) and Nyctiborinae (Nyctibora nigra sp. nov.) coletadas na Reserva Ducke, Manaus (Estado do Amazonas). Os espécimens foram coletados em folhiço, troncos caídos, ramos e folhagens. Foram ilustradas as genitálias dos machos das novas espécies.

Leaf litter mas loss rates and associated faun of tree species commonly used in neotropical riparian reforestation / Tasas de pérdida de masa de la hojarasca y fauna asociada en especies de árboles comúnmente utilizados en la reforestación de riberas neotropicales

A signature of globalization is the prevalence of exotic trees along reforested urban and rural riparian zones in the Neotropics, but little is known about the instream processing of its leaf litter. In this study, leaf litter breakdown rates were measured during 35 days using mesh bags within a reference headwater stream for seven exotic and three native tree species commonly used in urban and rural reforestation. Artocarpus altilis, Schefflera actinophylla and Terminalia catappa scored the highest mass loss rates (>85 %; mean life: t50.

Una de las señales más evidentes de la globalización es la prevalencia de especies de árboles exóticos a lo largo de las zonas ribereñas urbanas y rurales del Neotrópico, pero poco se sabe sobre el procesamiento de su hojarasca dentro de las quebradas. En este estudio se midieron las tasas de pérdida de masa de la hojarasca usando bolsas de angeo en una quebrada de referencia durante 35 días, para siete especies exóticas y tres nativas comúnmente usadas en la reforestación urbana y rural. Artocarpus altilis, Schefflera actinophylla y Terminalia catappa obtuvieron las mayores tasas de pérdida de masa (>85 %; vida media: t50.

Ecología reproductiva de Geobatrachus walkeri (Anura: Srabomantidae) / Reproductive ecology of Geobatrachus walkeri (Anura: Strabomantidae)

Geobatrachus walkeri is a frog that belongs to a monotypic genus and is endemic to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. The species inhabits different microhabitats between 2 000 to 3 500m altitude, including the leaf litter of a pine plantation. To understand its reproductive ecology, we conducted eight frog samplings, covering the rainy and dry seasons, and two habitat types (secondary native forest and pine plantation) during 2010-2011. For this study, we also included data obtained from five previous similar samplings undertaken during 2008-2009. The pine leaf litter was the main microhabitat where frogs were found; we heard choruses of six-ten calling males during all sampled months, and observed the frogs having diurnal and nocturnal activity. Regardless of the year of study, the population consisted of neonates recruited several times of the year, a large number of juveniles with a wide range of body sizes, and fewer adults with a narrower range of body size. The histological analyses of the gonads showed that the size at maturity was near 18mm SVL for males and females, and those adult males and females were reproductive active during all sampling months, suggesting a continuous reproductive activity pattern. However, during the dry season, the seminiferous tubules showed a drastically diminished spermatic epithelium although containing abundant luminal spermatozoa, which suggest a reduction in the sperm production at the end of this season. Similarly, frogs of all age categories were significantly more abundant during the early dry season, whereas were significantly less abundant with the advancement of the dryness suggesting that the intensity of the dry season could temporally stop the activity and reproduction of this population.

Geobatrachus walkeri es una rana que pertenece a un género monotípico y es endémica de la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. La especie habita en diferentes microhábitats entre los 2 000 y 3 500m de altitud, incluyendo la hojarasca de una plantación de pinos. Para entender su ecología reproductiva se realizaron ocho muestreos de individuos, que abarcaron las estaciones de lluvias y de sequía y dos tipos de hábitats (bosque secundario y plantación de pino) durante 2010-2011. También se incluyeron los datos de cinco muestreos similares obtenidos previamente durante el período 2008-2009. El principal microhábitat donde las ranas se encontraron fue la hoja-rasca de pino, allí escuchamos coros de seis-diez machos durante todos los meses muestreados, y observamos que las ranas tienen actividad diurna y nocturna. Sin importar el año de estudio, la población se compone de neonatos reclutados en varios meses del año, un gran número de juveniles con un amplio rango de tamaños corporales, y un menor número de adultos con un rango más reducido de tamaño corporal. Los análisis histológicos de las gónadas mostraron que el tamaño a la madurez se adquiere cerca de los 18mm LRC para machos y hembras, y que los machos y hembras adultos fueron reproductivos durante todo el muestreo, lo que sugiere un patrón continuo de actividad reproductiva. Sin embargo, durante la estación seca, los túbulos seminíferos presentan un epitelio espermático drásticamente disminuido, aunque contienen abundantes espermatozoides luminales, lo que sugiere una reducción en la producción de espermatozoides en el final de la estación seca. Del mismo modo, las ranas de todas las categorías de edad fueron significativamente más abundantes durante el inicio de la estación seca, mientras que fueron significativamente menos abundantes con el avance de la sequedad, lo que sugiere que una mayor intensidad de la temporada de sequía podría detener temporalmente la actividad y la reproducción en esta población.

Shredders are abundant and species-rich in tropical continental-island low-order streams: Gorgona Island, Tropical Eastern Pacific, Colombia / Trituradoras son abundantes y ricas en especies en corrientes de bajo orden de islas continentales tropicales: Isla Gorgona, Pacífico Oriental Tropical, Colombia

Macroinvertebrate shredders may have been overlooked in tropical streams due to the geographical bias of early studies, methodological limitations, and the complex influences of local-scale factors. While shredders seem to be scarce in most oceanic island streams, we here test if they are abundant in a continental island. Gut content analyses of benthic macroinvertebrates were used to identify shredding taxa in streams located in different types of forest in Gorgona Island (Tropical Eastern Pacific). General dietary overlap (GO) was quantified and relative biomass, relative frequency and the leaf litter percentage in the guts were used to establish the relative importance of each taxon in the shredding guild. Various indices were used to identify the spatial arrangement (i.e. contagious or random) of each taxon and shredding guild among streams. We identified 31 shredding taxa that were divided into specialist-shredders (14 taxa), generalist-shredders (10), and collector-shredders (7). There was a complete GO (0.75, p<0.001) for the guild. Cockroaches (Epilampra) were the most represented shredders due to the greatest contribution to guild total biomass and to the highest content of leaf litter in their guts. These organisms were more important than shrimps and crabs in terms of abundance and biomass in leaf pack samples. Potimirin shrimps ranked second and Stenochironomus midges ranked third. Among aquatic insects, other secondarily important species were Leptohyphes (Ephemeroptera), Macrelmis, Anchytarsus and Tetraglosa (Coleoptera). Ten taxa exhibited contagious spatial pattern and twenty-one exhibited a random distribution. Resource distribution (i.e., leaf packs) between streams was random too. The guild was contagiously distributed, but this result could be highly influenced by the taxa with contagious distribution. Mean abundance, richness and mean biomass of shredders were not significantly correlated with any of the environmental variables measured. Three factors seemly explain the high richness and abundance of shredders in Gorgona Island: (1) its continental origin, (2) its current proximity to the continent (35 km), and (3) the high diversity and availability of leaf litter and woody debris inputs to the streams. Although crabs, shrimps, aquatic insects and semiaquatic-cockroaches coexisted in Gorgona Island, the latter were the most important leaf litter shredders in terms of biomass. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (Suppl. 1): 85-105. Epub 2014 February 01.

Existe la posibilidad de que los macroinvertebrados fragmentadores hayan sido subvalorados en las quebradas tropicales debido al sesgo geográfico de los estudios realizados, a limitaciones metódicas y a la influencia de factores de escala local. A pesar de que los fragmentadores son escasos en las quebradas de islas oceánicas, hipotetizamos que son abundantes en Isla Gorgona. Los análisis de contenidos estomacales de estos organismos se usaron para identificar los taxones fragmentadores colectados en quebradas con diferentes tipos de bosque. Se cuantificaron el índice general de sobreposición dietaria (GO por su siglas en inglés), y el índice de valor de importancia de cada taxón en el gremio (con base en biomasa relativa, frecuencia relativa y proporción de tejido vegetal en los contenidos estomacales). El arreglo espacial de cada taxón y el del gremio entre quebradas (i.e., contagioso o aleatorio) se determinó a partir de varios índices. Se identificaron 31 fragmentadores, los cuales se dividieron en especialistas (14 taxones), generalistas (10) y colectores-fragmentadores (7). Hubo un GO completo del gremio (0.75, p<0.001). Debido a su alta contribución de biomasa y de abundancia al gremio, y a la elevada proporción de tejido vegetal consumido, las cucarachas (Epilampra) fueron los fragmentadores-especialistas más representativos, superiores incluso a camarones y cangrejos. El camarón Potimirin fue el segundo taxón más importante seguido por el díptero Stenochironomus. Entre los insectos acuáticos, otros taxones de importancia secundaria fueron Leptohyphes (Ephemeroptera), Macrelmis, Anchytarsus y Tetraglosa (Coleoptera). Diez taxones mostraron un patrón espacial de contagio, y 21 se organizaron aleatoriamente, al igual que los recursos (i.e., “paquetes” de hojarasca). Aunque el gremio se organizó contagiosamente, estos resultados pudieron estar altamente influenciados por los taxones con distribución del mismo tipo. No se encontraron correlaciones significantes entre la abundancia media, la riqueza y la biomasa media con ninguna de las variables ambientales. Tres factores explicaron la alta riqueza y la abundancia de los fragmentadores en Isla Gorgona: (1) el origen continental, (2) su proximidad al continente (35km), y (3) la alta diversidad y disponibilidad de hojarasca y de desechos de madera dentro de las quebradas. Aunque cangrejos, camarones, insectos acuáticos y cucarachas-semiacuáticas coexistieron en la isla, estas últimas fueron, en términos de biomasa, los fragmentadores más importantes.

Nitrogen release pattern in decomposing leaf litter of banj oak and chir pine seedlings leaf under glass house condition.

Decomposition rate for leaf litter of banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) and chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), seedlings was studied over a period of one year, under glass house condition. The leaf litter of Quercus leucotrichophora decomposed faster as compared to Pinus roxburghii. Initially during 0-62 days of placement, the decomposition rate was slower for leaf litter of both species but after 123 days of placement it was 53% for Quercus leucotrichophora leaf litter and 33% for Pinus roxburghii leaf litter. The Quercus leucotrichophora leaf litter was completely decomposed after 11 months; however, 65% weight loss was recorded in Pinus roxburghii leaf litter after 12 months study. In Quercus leucotrichophora leaf litter the, initial (at the start of decomposition) nitrogen concentration was much higher (1.15%) than that of Pinus roxburghii leaf litter(1.41%), release of N was slower in chir pine leaf litter compared to banj oak leaf litter. Material with higher C/N ratio had longer duration of immobilization and in turn slower release phase. The concentration of N increased approximately linearly as a function of mass loss towards the end of annual cycle. Concentration of N was about 1.2 to 1.9 fold higher than the initial litter for seedlings of both the species.

Dynamics of leaf litter humidity, depth and quantity: two restoration strategies failed to mimic ground microhabitat conditions of a low montane and premontane forest in Costa Rica

Little is known about how restoration strategies affect aspects like leaf litter’s quantity, depth and humidity. I analyzed leaf litter’s quantity, depth and humidity yearly patterns in a primary tropical lower montane wet forest and two restored areas: a 15 year old secondary forest (unassisted restoration) and a 40 year old Cupressus lusitanica plantation (natural understory). The three habitats are located in the Río Macho Forest Reserve, Costa Rica. Twenty litter samples were taken every three months (April 2009-April 2010) in each habitat; humidity was measured in 439g samples (average), depth and quantity were measured in five points inside 50x50cm plots. None of the restoration strategies reproduced the primary forest leaf litter humidity, depth and quantity yearly patterns. Primary forest leaf litter humidity was higher and more stable (x=73.2), followed by secondary forest (x=63.3) and cypress plantation (x=52.9) (Kruskall-Wallis=77.93, n=232, p=0.00). In the primary (Kruskal-Wallis=31.63, n=78, p<0.001) and secondary (Kruskal-Wallis=11.79, n=75, p=0.008) forest litter accumulation was higher during April due to strong winds. In the primary forest (Kruskal-wallis=21.83, n=78, p<0.001) and the cypress plantation (Kruskal-wallis=39.99, n=80, p<0.001) leaf litter depth was shallow in October because heavy rains compacted it. Depth patterns were different from quantity patterns and described the leaf litter’s structure in different ecosystems though the year.

Poco se sabe acerca de cómo las estrategias de restauración afectan aspectos como la cantidad, profundidad y humedad de la hojarasca. Se analizaron estas variables en un bosque tropical húmedo montano bajo, considerado bosque primario y dos áreas restauradas: un bosque secundario de 15 años (restauración natural) y una plantación de Cupressus lusitanica de 40 años con sotobosque restaurado naturalmente. Los sitios estudiados se ubican en la reserva forestal Río Macho, Costa Rica. Los muestreos se realizaron cada tres meses (abril 2009-abril 2010). En cada ocasión se escogieron al azar 20 cuadrículas de 50x50cm de las que se recogió 439g en promedio de hojarasca para medir la humedad por diferencia entre peso seco y húmedo. En cada cuadrícula se midió la profundidad y cantidad de hojarasca haciendo un promedio de cinco puntos. La cantidad se midió con el número de hojas ensartadas en un picahielos. La profundidad se midió con una regla metálica. Ninguna de las técnicas de restauración reproduce los patrones anuales del bosque primario en cuanto a la humedad, profundidad y cantidad de hojarasca. La humedad de la hojarasca del bosque primario es mas alta y estable ( =73.2), seguida por el bosque secundario ( =63.3) y el cipresal ( =52.9) (Kruskall-Wallis=77.93, n=232, p=0.00). La cantidad de hojarasca acumulada en el bosque primario (Kruskal-Wallis=31.63, n=78, p<0.001) y el secundario (Kruskal-Wallis=11.79, n=75 p=0.008) es mayor en abril debido a los fuertes vientos. La profundidad de la hojarasca del bosque primario (Kruskal-wallis=21.83, n=78, p<0.001) y en el cipresal (Kruskal-wallis=39.99, n=80, p<0.001) es menor durante octubre debido a que los fuertes aguaceros la compactan. Los patrones de cantidad y profundidad de la hojarasca presentan diferencias, que describen la estructura de la hojarasca en diferentes ecosistemas a lo largo del año.

A new case constructing adelid moth from Chile (Lepidoptera)

A new case constructing adelid moth from Chile (Lepidoptera). The adult and larva of Ceromitia tubulifolia sp. nov. are described and illustrated. The larvae seem to be associated with sclerophyllous forest of central Chile. The larvae make a protective case from of a piece of leaf. The name phylloikos is proposed for this form of larval case. A review of the morphology and bionomics of this species are provided.

Uma nova mariposa Adelidae (Lepidoptera) construtora de casulo do Chile. O adulto e a larva de Ceromitia tubulifolia sp. nov. são descritos e ilustrados. As larvas parecem estar associadas à mata esclerófila do Chile central. A larva utiliza um pedaço de folha para construir uma estrutura protetora denominada phylloikos. Comentários sobre aspectos morfológicos e bionômicos da espécie são apresentados.

Leaf-litter amount as a factor in the structure of a ponerine ants community (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae) in an eastern Amazonian rainforest, Brazil

Leaf-litter amount as a factor in the structure of a ponerine ants community (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae) in an eastern Amazonian rainforest, Brazil. Leaf-litter may be an important factor in structuring ponerine ant communities (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae) in tropical rainforests. We specifically examined how leaf-litter affects the structure of a ponerine ant community in primary Amazonian rainforest sites at the Ferreira Penna Scientific Station, Pará, Brazil. A total of 53 species belonging to eight genera of three ponerine tribes were collected with mini-Winkler extractors. The amount of leaf-litter positively affected the abundance and richness of the ponerine ant community, and also influenced species composition. Nearby samples often had low species similarity, especially when adjacent samples differed in the amount of leaf-litter. Leaf-litter availability in Amazonian primary forests is a key factor for distribution of ground-dwelling ponerine species, even at small scales.

Efeito da quantidade de serapilheira sobre a estrutura de uma comunidade de formigas ponerinae (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Ponerinae) em uma floresta tropical da Amazônia Oriental, Brasil. Analisou-se o efeito da serapilheira sobre a estrutura da comunidade de formigas Ponerinae em áreas de floresta amazônica primária, localizadas na Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, Pará, Brasil. Foram coletadas 53 espécies de formigas, pertencentes a oito gêneros e três tribos da subfamília Ponerinae, utilizando-se extratores de mini-Winkler. A quantidade de serapilheira afetou positivamente a abundância e riqueza, bem como esteve associada à composição de espécies dessas formigas. Amostras próximas apresentaram baixa similaridade faunística, especialmente quando continham quantidades divergentes de serapilheira. Sugere-se, então, que a distribuição dessas formigas depende da disponibilidade de recursos na serapilheira em floresta primária amazônica, mesmo em pequena escala.

Parameters from the community of leaf-litter frogs from Estação Ecológica Estadual Paraíso, Guapimirim, Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil

We studied the leaf-litter frog community of Estação Ecológica Estadual Paraíso, in Guapimirim, Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil. Herein we combined three sampling methods (large plots, visual encounter surveys and pit-fall traps) to present data on species composition, richness, relative abundance and densities. The local assemblage of frogs associated to the leaf-litter was composed by 14 species, belonging to nine families. Haddadus binotatus, a direct-developing frog, was the most abundant species in the community. The estimated density of the local leaf-litter frog assemblage based on plot sampling was 4.3 frogs/100 m². Haddadus binotatus had the highest density (1.1 ind/100 m²). Frogs were predominantly found at night. Thoropa miliaris had the largest values of SVL (39.0 ± 10.3 mm), whereas the smallest species were Euparkerella brasiliensis (16.7 ± 2.2 mm) and E. cochranae (16.0 ± 2.7 mm). Rhinella ornata had the highest mean body mass (12.1 ± 7.5 g), and E. cochranae the lowest (0.4 ± 0.2 g). The overall frog mass was 938.6 g/ha. Our data support that higher densities of leaf-litter frogs tend to occur in the Neotropical region compared to the OldWorld tropics, tending to be higher in Central America than in South America.

Estudamos a comunidade de anuros de folhiço da EstaçãoEcológica Estadual Paraíso, em Guapimirim, estado do Rio de Janeiro, no sudeste do Brasil. Combinamos três métodosde amostragem (plots, transectos e armadilhas de queda) para apresentar dados sobre a composição de espécies, riqueza,abundância relativa e densidade. A assembleia local foi composta por 14 espécies de anuros, pertencentes a nove famílias. Haddadus binotatus, espécie de desenvolvimento direto, foi a mais abundante durante o estudo. A densidade de anuros de folhiço estimada com base na amostragem por plots foi de4,3 ind/100m². Haddadus binotatus apresentou a maior densidade (1,1 ind/100m²). Os anuros foram registrados predominantemente durante a noite. Thoropa miliaris apresentou os maiores valores de CRC (39,0 ± 10,3 mm). As menores espécies foram Euparkerella brasiliensis (16,7 ± 2,2 mm) e E. cochranae (16,0 ± 2,7mm). Rhinella ornata apresentou a maior massa corporal média (12,1 ± 7,5 g) e E. cochranae (0,4 ± 0,2 g) a menor. A massa média total foi de 938,6 g/ha. Nossos resultados corroboram com a tendência de maiores densidades de anuros de folhiço na região Neotropical quando comparado com áreas Tropicais do Velho Mundo, tendendo a serem maiores na América Central do que na América do Sul.

Abundancia relativa y uso de microhábitat de la rana Geobatrachus walkeri (Anura: Strabomantidae) en dos hábitats en Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia

Relative abundance and microhabitat use by the frog Geobatrachus walkeri (Anura:Strabomantidae) in two habitats of Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. Geobatrachus walkeri belongs to a monotypic frog genus endemic to the San Lorenzo area, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. This species has been categorized as endangered because of its small distribution area and the decline in the extent and quality of its habitat. It inhabits two forest types with different composition and structure, the native secondary forest and a pine plantation (dominated by Pinus patula). To compare the relative abundance and microhabitat use of this species in these habitat types, 30 quadrants/environment were distributed randomly. The individual number, microhabitat use and other aspects of its natural history were registered using visual encounter surveys in both sites, including non-sampled areas in the quadrants. The relative abundance of frogs was significantly different between habitats and among seasons. The highest abundance of G. walkeri relative to the total area was found in the pine plantation, being 2.3 times higher than in the natural forest. More frogs were significantly found during the rainy season; nevertheless, active individuals were also found during the dry season. Significant differences were found in the microhabitat use with respect to the forest type and season. The most frequently microhabitat used in the two forest types was the pine leaf-litter; besides, in the native forest, the microhabitat occupied more frequently presented medium and large size stones. Geobatrachus walkeri is a successful species in pine plantations, associated permanently to its leaf-litter environment where it seems to develop its entire life cycle. The clear modifications in the soils and water, derived from the introduction of the pine plantation in this area, seem not to have negatively affected the conservation and successful maintenance of this species. Rev. Biol. Trop. 59 (2): 907-920. Epub 2011 June 01.

La rana Geobatrachus walkeri pertenece a un género monotípico y endémico del área de San Lorenzo, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia. La especie habita en el bosque secundario natural y en una plantación de pino (dominada por Pinus patula). Para comparar la abundancia relativa y el uso del microhábitat en estos dos hábitat y durante los períodos de máxima y mínima precipitación, se distribuyeron aleatoriamente 30 cuadrantes en cada bosque sobre los que se registraron el número de individuos y los microhábitats ocupados. Además se reconocieron otros aspectos de la historia natural mediante muestreo por encuentros casuales (VES), se incluye en los dos hábitats áreas no muestreadas por los cuadrantes. La mayor abundancia de ranas se obtuvo en la plantación de pino y durante la época de lluvias. El microhábitat más usado fue la hojarasca de pino. Geobatrachus walkeri es una especie exitosa en las plantaciones de pino, asociada permanentemente a su hojarasca en donde parece desarrollar todo su ciclo de vida. Las claras modificaciones derivadas de la introducción de las plantaciones de pino en el suelo y el agua, parecen no haber afectado la supervivencia y mantenimiento exitoso de esta especie categorizada como en peligro de extinción.

Resposta da comunidade de formigas aos atributos dos fragmentos e da vegetação em uma paisagem da Floresta Atlântica nordestina / Response of the ant community to attributes of fragments and vegetation in a northeastern Atlantic Rain Forest area, Brazil

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of forest fragmentation on ant richness in a landscape of Atlantic Forest in Northeast Brazil. More specifically, the ant richness was related to the attributes of fragments (area and distance from the fragment central point to the edge), landscape (forest cover surrounding the fragments), and tree community (plant density, richness, and percentage of shade tolerant species). The surveys were carried out in 19 fragments located in Alagoas State from October 2007 to March 2008. Samples were collected through a 300 m transect established in the center of each fragment, where 30 1-m² leaf litter samples were collected at 10 m intervals. A total of 146 ant species was collected, which belonged to 42 genera, 24 tribes and nine subfamilies. The attributes of fragments and landscape did not influence ant richness. On the other hand, tree density explained ca. 23 percent of ant richness. In relation to functional groups, both density and richness of trees explained the richness of general myrmicines (the whole model explained ca. 42 percent of the variation in this group) and percentage of shade tolerant trees explained the richness of specialist predator ants (30 percent for the whole model). These results indicate that ant fauna is more influenced by vegetation integrity than by fragment size, distance to edge or forest cover surrounding fragments.

Dry season distribution of land crabs, Gecarcinus quadratus (Crustacea: Gecarcinidae), in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica

The land crab Gecarcinus quadratus is an engineering species that controls nutrient cycling in tropical forests. Factors regulating their coastal distribution are not fully understood. We quantified land crab distribution during the dry season at Sirena Field Station in Corcovado National Park, Costa Rica, and found that land crab burrow density decreases with increasing distance from the ocean. Leaf litter depth and tree seedling density are negatively correlated with land crab burrow density. Burrows are strongly associated with sand substrate and burrow density is comparatively low in clay substrate. Results suggest that G. quadratus is limited to a narrow coastal zone with sand substrate, and this distribution could have profound effects on plant community structure.